6. See Friedrich Kittler, Discourse Networks 1800/1900, trans. by Michael Metteer and Chris Cullens (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990); Grammophon, Film, Typewriter (Berlin: Brinkmann & Bose, 1986); Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: the Extensions of Man (New York: McGraw Hill, 1964; repr. London: Ark, 1987); Jay Bolter and Richard Grusin, Remediation: Understanding New Media (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999).